{"id":120086,"date":"2025-11-13T10:09:55","date_gmt":"2025-11-13T10:09:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/legal500.designextreme.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=120086"},"modified":"2025-11-13T10:11:19","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T10:11:19","slug":"turkiye-international-arbitration","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/legal500.designextreme.com\/guides\/chapter\/turkiye-international-arbitration\/","title":{"rendered":"Turkiye: International Arbitration"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-120086","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-international-arbitration","jurisdictions-turkiye"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">IAS Partners<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/legal500.designextreme.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ias-partners.png\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">IAS Partners<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/legal500.designextreme.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ias-partners.png\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of International Arbitration laws and regulations applicable in Turkiye<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legislation applies to arbitration in your country? Are there any mandatory laws?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are two main statutes governing arbitration in T\u00fcrkiye. The Code of Civil Procedure No. 6100 applies to domestic arbitration proceedings, while the International Arbitration Act No. 4686 applies to international arbitration proceedings with a foreign element or where the parties have expressly agreed to apply the International Arbitration Act in their arbitration agreement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is your country a signatory to the New York Convention? Are there any reservations to the general obligations of the Convention?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, T\u00fcrkiye is a signatory to the New York Convention, having acceded on 2 July 1992. T\u00fcrkiye made a single declaration pursuant to Article I(3) of the Convention, stating that it will apply the Convention on the basis of reciprocity and only to disputes considered commercial under Turkish law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What other arbitration-related treaties and conventions is your country a party to?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In addition to the New York Convention, T\u00fcrkiye is a party to the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (ICSID Convention) and the Energy Charter Treaty. T\u00fcrkiye is also a contracting party to the 1961 European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration as well as to the Agreement on Promotion, Protection and Guarantee of Investments among Member States of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, which also includes investor state dispute settlement provisions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the law governing international arbitration in your country based on the UNCITRAL Model Law? Are there significant differences between the two? Are there any impending plans to reform the arbitration laws in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, the International Arbitration Act No. 4686 is largely based on the UNCITRAL Model Law. However, there are certain notable differences. The competence of local courts to intervene in arbitral proceedings is more restricted than under the Model Law. The procedure for challenging an arbitrator also differs, particularly where the majority of the arbitral tribunal is affected. Further distinctions exist regarding the qualifications required of arbitrators and the time limits for applications to state courts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What arbitral institutions (if any) exist in your country? When were their rules last amended? Are any amendments being considered?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Several arbitral institutions exist in T\u00fcrkiye, including, but not limited to, the Istanbul Arbitration Center (ISTAC), the Istanbul Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Center (ITOTAM), the Union of Turkish Bar Associations Arbitration Center, and the Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of T\u00fcrkiye Arbitration Center. The ISTAC Arbitration Rules entered into force on 26 October 2015, followed by the ISTAC Mediation-Arbitration Rules on 15 November 2019. The ITOTAM Arbitration Rules came into force in 2014 and were last amended in 2021. At present, there is no publicly available information indicating that these institutions are considering further amendments to their arbitration rules.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a specialist arbitration court in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No there is no specialist arbitration court in T\u00fcrkiye. The ordinary civil courts have competence over the issues specified in the International Arbitration Act, such as assisting arbitral tribunals with injunctive relief or appointing arbitrators when the parties fail to reach an agreement. Where a dispute qualifies as a commercial dispute, the competent court is the ordinary commercial court.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the validity requirements for an arbitration agreement under the laws of your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The general validity requirements applicable to contracts also apply to arbitration agreements \u2014 such as the parties\u2019 legal capacity to contract and the absence of any defect of consent. In addition to these general requirements, arbitration agreements must also satisfy specific conditions. First, the parties must have an unequivocal and mutual intention to submit disputes to arbitration. The Court of Cassation has consistently held that arbitration clauses must be clear and certain with respect to any existing or potential dispute. Second, the arbitration agreement must be in writing. Third, it must relate to a specific or at least determinable dispute between the parties. Finally, the dispute in question must be arbitrable under Turkish law \u2014 for instance, disputes involving rights in rem over immovable property cannot be settled through arbitration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitration clauses considered separable from the main contract?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Arbitration clauses contained in a main contract are considered separable from that contract. In fact, Articles 4 and 7 of the International Arbitration Act, as well as Articles 412 and 422 of the Code of Civil Procedure, expressly provide that arbitration clauses are to be treated independently from the underlying agreement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do the courts of your country apply a validation principle under which an arbitration agreement should be considered valid and enforceable if it would be so considered under at least one of the national laws potentially applicable to it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The validation principle is not applied by Turkish courts. In the absence of a clear choice of law provision for the arbitration agreement, Turkish courts would assess the validity of the arbitration agreement in accordance with Turkish law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are asymmetric arbitration clauses \u2013 for instance, where one party has the right to choose between arbitration or litigation while the other party does not have this option \u2013 valid in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Asymmetric arbitration clauses are, in principle, not valid under Turkish law. The Court of Cassation addressed this issue in a precedent of its 11th Civil Chamber (Decision No. 2009\/3257 E., 2011\/1675 K., dated 15 February 2011). In the said decision, the Court held that granting only one party the right to refer a dispute to arbitration violates the constitutional right to legal remedies, as the other party would be deprived of access to the state courts and could face an objection to the court\u2019s jurisdiction based on the arbitration option reserved to the other side.<\/p>\n<p>However, Turkish legal doctrine suggests that asymmetric arbitration clauses should be assessed on a case-by-case basis, examining whether they unduly restrict a party\u2019s right to legal remedies or significantly disadvantage the weaker party.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an arbitration agreement? Are there any recent court decisions on these issues?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The extension of an arbitration agreement to third parties remains a controversial issue under Turkish law. The Court of Cassation has issued decisions both supporting and rejecting such extensions. It has held that where a contract is made for the benefit of a third party, that party cannot automatically be deemed bound by the arbitration clause merely because the contract serves its interests; the clear and unequivocal consent of all parties \u2014 including the consent of the third party \u2014 is required.<\/p>\n<p>However, in another decision, the Court found that the assignee of a bill of lading containing an arbitration clause could not deny such clause, holding that the arbitration agreement could, in such a case, extend to the assignee. There are no recent rulings from Turkish lower courts shedding light to this issue.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any recent court decisions in your country concerning the choice of law applicable to an arbitration agreement where no such law has been specified by the Parties?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There have been no recent court decisions specifically addressing the choice of law applicable to an arbitration agreement where the parties have not designated such a law. However, both the Court of Cassation and the District Courts of Appeal have issued rulings concerning arbitration agreements in which a governing law was expressly chosen. In these precedents, the appellate courts held that an arbitration agreement is valid if it complies with the law selected by the parties to govern the agreement or, in the absence of such a choice, with Turkish law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is the law applicable to the substance determined? Is there a specific set of choice of law rules in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The law applicable to the substance of the dispute is primarily determined by the parties\u2019 mutual intent. However, where the parties have not agreed on the applicable law, the arbitral tribunal will determine the law most closely connected to the dispute, in accordance with Article 12 of the International Arbitration Act.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any particular requirements for and\/or restrictions in the appointment of arbitrators?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The requirements and restrictions applicable to the appointment of arbitrators relate mainly to their independence and their impartiality. Arbitrators are required to disclose any circumstances that may compromise their impartiality or independence from the parties. Should any such situation arise, it must be promptly disclosed to the parties.<\/p>\n<p>The International Arbitration Act, which apply to international arbitration proceedings, does not set forth any requirement regarding the professional qualifications of the arbitrators.<\/p>\n<p>The Code of Civil Procedure, which sets forth the rules applicable to domestic arbitrators, stipulates that where the arbitral tribunal consists of more than one member, at least one arbitrator must be a lawyer and have a minimum of five years of professional experience in his\/her field.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the local courts intervene in the selection of arbitrators? If so, how?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The intervention of local courts in the appointment of arbitrators is strictly limited under both the International Arbitration Act and the Code of Civil Procedure. Court involvement generally arises only upon the application of a party. If a party fails to appoint its designated arbitrator, or if the presiding arbitrator cannot be agreed upon, the Civil Court of First Instance may intervene to make the appointment. In doing so, the court must take into account the parties\u2019 agreement on the appointment procedure, as well as the impartiality, independence, and nationality of the arbitrator.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the appointment of an arbitrator be challenged? What are the grounds for such a challenge? What is the procedure for such a challenge?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The appointment of an arbitrator may be challenged under Turkish arbitration legislation. The parties are free to determine both the challenge procedure and the grounds for challenge. However, in the absence of such an agreement, Article 7 of the International Arbitration Act and Articles 417 and 418 of the Code of Civil Procedure apply.<\/p>\n<p>An arbitrator may be challenged if they do not possess the qualifications agreed upon by the parties, if there is a ground for challenge under the agreed arbitration procedure, or if circumstances exist that give rise to reasonable doubts about their impartiality or independence.<\/p>\n<p>Unlike the International Arbitration Act, the Code of Civil Procedure provides that if a party seeks to challenge an arbitrator whom it appointed or whose appointment it approved, the challenge may only be made after the grounds for challenge have arisen and become known to that party.<\/p>\n<p>Under the International Arbitration Act, an arbitrator may be challenged within 30 days following the date on which the grounds for challenge became known, and the request must be submitted in writing. The challenging party must notify the arbitral tribunal of the challenge and its grounds. If the tribunal rejects the challenge, the party may, within 30 days of that decision, apply to the Civil Court of First Instance to have the arbitrator or arbitrators removed. Only the Civil Court of First Instance may decide on the dismissal of an arbitrator, the entire arbitral tribunal, or a sufficient number of arbitrators to affect the tribunal\u2019s majority. The decision of the court of first instance is final. If the court dismisses the arbitrator or the tribunal, the proceedings are terminated; however, if the names of the arbitrators are not specified in the arbitration agreement, new appointments must be made.<\/p>\n<p>By contrast, the Code of Civil Procedure sets a two-week period for challenging an arbitrator. If the arbitrator does not withdraw, or the counterparty rejects the challenge, the arbitral tribunal itself will decide on the challenge. If the tribunal dismisses the request, the challenging party may apply to the local court within one month (30 days under the International Arbitration Act).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments concerning the duty of independence and impartiality of the arbitrators, including the duty of disclosure?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There have been no specific recent developments concerning the duty of independence and impartiality of arbitrators. However, the Court of Cassation continues to assess these duties on a case-by-case basis, when a party alleges a breach of independence or impartiality. In addition, the Istanbul Arbitration Association has published an ethical code for arbitrators, which expressly sets forth the ethical obligations. The association\u2019s close cooperation with ISTAC and ITOTAM further encourages arbitrators to adhere to the Istanbul Arbitration Association\u2019s ethical standards.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitrators immune from liability?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. Arbitrators are not immune from liability. Article 7 of the International Arbitration Act and Article 419 of the Code of Civil Procedure expressly provide that, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, an arbitrator, who accepts an appointment and subsequently refuses to perform their duties without just cause, is liable to compensate the parties for any damages arising as a result.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the principle of competence-competence recognized in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. The competence-competence principle is recognized under Turkish arbitration law. Article 7 of the International Arbitration Act and Article 422 of the Code of Civil Procedure expressly provide that the arbitral tribunal may rule on its own jurisdiction, including any objections as to the validity or enforceability of the arbitration agreement. When making such a determination, the arbitration clause is to be considered independently from the other provisions of the main contract. Accordingly, a finding by the arbitral tribunal that the main contract is invalid does not automatically render the arbitration agreement invalid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the approach of local courts towards a party commencing litigation in apparent breach of an arbitration agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Local courts in T\u00fcrkiye adopt a pro-arbitration approach. Where a party initiates court proceedings despite the existence of a valid arbitration agreement, upon objection of the counterparty that the dispute must be resolved through arbitration the court would reject the case on procedural grounds. Furthermore, under Article 5 of the International Arbitration Act, if the parties choose to proceed with arbitration while a case is pending before a state court, the court shall transfer the case file to the arbitral tribunal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What happens when a respondent fails to participate in the arbitration? Can the local courts compel participation?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Pursuant to Article 11 of the International Arbitration Act and Article 430 of the Code of Civil Procedure, if a respondent fails to participate in the arbitration by not submitting its statement of defence, such failure is not deemed an admission of the claimant\u2019s claims or an acceptance of the arbitration. If the respondent fails to attend a hearing without valid justification or refrains from submitting evidence, the arbitrator or arbitral tribunal will proceed with the arbitration based on the evidence available. However, there is no provision under Turkish arbitration law empowering local courts to compel a party\u2019s participation in the proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can third parties voluntarily join arbitration proceedings? If all parties agree to the intervention, is the tribunal bound by this agreement? If all parties do not agree to the intervention, can the tribunal allow for it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Third parties may intervene in arbitration proceedings as a party by extension of the arbitration agreement to such third parties or as an intervenor on the side of a party, if they have interest to follow the proceedings by making submissions or providing evidence.<\/p>\n<p>The intervention as a party to the arbitration proceeding is subject to the rules explained for extension of arbitration agreements to third parties (see answer provided to question no:11 above). In principle, the consent of the third party to be bound by the arbitration agreement must be clear.<\/p>\n<p>The intervention as a side intervenor is allowed if the third parties interests justify the intervention and the side intervenor voluntarily joins the arbitration proceedings. If all parties agree to the intervention, in principle the courts would accommodate the joint request of all parties. If all parties do not agree to the intervention, the tribunal may allow for it if the interests of the third-party intervenor are at stake (e.g. if the respondent has a right of recourse to the third-party intervenor, the arbitral tribunal may allow participation of the third party on the side of the respondent)<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, the ITOTAM Arbitration Rules allow parties to request the inclusion of a third party in the arbitration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What interim measures are available? Will local courts issue interim measures pending the constitution of the tribunal? Are anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions available and enforceable in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Both the International Arbitration Act and the Code of Civil Procedure empower arbitrators to order interim measures. However, the types of interim measures are not specifically set forth in the law. Therefore, arbitral tribunals have discretion on the type of the interim measures they can order, e.g. submission of a bank letter of guarantee to secure the payment to claimant if the claimant is successful with its claim or an order to refrain from certain act.<\/p>\n<p>Turkish law does not permit arbitrators to render interim measures that are binding on third parties or that require enforcement by execution offices or other governmental authorities. If the counterparty fails to comply with an interim measure, the party seeking such relief may apply to the local court for its assistance to give effect to the interim measure.<\/p>\n<p>Local courts are also authorized, under Article 6 of the International Arbitration Act and Article 414 of the Code of Civil Procedure, to issue interim measures either before the commencement of arbitration or while the arbitration is pending. However, in practice local courts would refrain from interfering with the authority of arbitral tribunals and grant injunctive reliefs in case of urgency and irreparable damage. The Article 414 of the Code of Civil Procedure explicitly states that the authority of local courts to grant injunctive reliefs is restricted to the situations where the arbitral tribunal cannot act in a timely or effective manner.<\/p>\n<p>There is no specific provision that allows local courts or arbitral tribunals to issue any anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions. In practice they are not issued.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there particular rules governing evidentiary matters in arbitration? Will the local courts in your jurisdiction play any role in the obtaining of evidence? Can local courts compel witnesses to participate in arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Neither the International Arbitration Act nor the Code of Civil Procedure contains detailed provisions governing the procedure for obtaining or submitting evidence in arbitration. Article 12 of the International Arbitration Act provides that parties must submit their evidence within the time limits set by the arbitral tribunal.<\/p>\n<p>The local courts may play a role in obtaining evidence in arbitration. Before the arbitration claim is filed, a party may request assistance from the local courts in accordance with the general provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure applicable to evidence determination. However, the assistance of the courts for obtaining evidence is restricted once the claim is pending before an arbitral tribunal. Under both\u00a0the International Arbitration Act and Code of Civil Procedure, evidence determination through courts is in principle subject to the approval of the competent arbitral tribunal. For disputes subject to Code of Civil Procedure, in case of urgency, also parties may request evidence determination from local courts.<\/p>\n<p>There is no specific provision in Turkish arbitration law or case law empowering local courts to compel a witness to appear in arbitration proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What ethical codes and other professional standards, if any, apply to counsel and arbitrators conducting proceedings in your country? Do these codes and professional standards apply only to counsel and arbitrators having the nationality of your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Several institutions have issued general ethical codes. For counsel in particular, the Union of Turkish Bar Associations has adopted a Code of Practice for legal practitioners, which also applies to arbitral proceedings. In addition, the Istanbul Arbitration Association has published an ethical code for arbitrators. The Association signed a cooperation protocol with ISTAC in 2018, thereby broadening the applicability of its ethical standards. Furthermore, as explained in the answer to question 27, arbitral tribunals frequently refer to IBA Rules on ethical rules and professional standards as guidance rules.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any rules with respect to the confidentiality of arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no specific provision on confidentiality in arbitration proceedings under either the International Arbitration Act or the Code of Civil Procedure. However, the ISTAC and ITOTAM Arbitration Rules contain explicit provisions requiring that arbitration proceedings remain confidential. All participants \u2014 including the parties, the arbitral tribunal, and the secretariat \u2014 must comply with the principle of confidentiality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the IBA guidelines on conflicts of interest and other similar soft law sources viewed by courts and tribunals in your jurisdiction? Are they frequently applied?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The IBA Guidelines are commonly applied in arbitration proceedings in T\u00fcrkiye. In particular, the IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Commercial Arbitration are frequently relied upon by arbitral tribunals when at least one of the parties is a foreign entity. Moreover, arbitral tribunals in T\u00fcrkiye generally take a positive approach toward the application of other IBA guidelines as well.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the costs of arbitration proceedings estimated and allocated? Can pre- and post-award interest be included on the principal claim and costs incurred?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The estimation of arbitration costs is not specifically addressed under Turkish arbitration legislation. However, the allocation of costs is regulated. Turkish law expressly provides that the following items must be included in the final award, with the losing party bearing these costs: (i) the fees of the arbitrators and the secretary of the arbitral tribunal, (ii) the travel expenses and other costs incurred by the arbitrators, (iii) the fees and expenses of experts appointed by the arbitrator or arbitral tribunal and of other persons whose assistance is sought, (iv) the travel expenses and other costs incurred by witnesses, to the extent approved by the arbitrator or arbitral tribunal, (v) attorney\u2019s fees determined by the arbitrator or arbitral tribunal in accordance with the minimum attorney fee schedule applicable to the prevailing party\u2019s counsel, (vi) court fees incurred in applications to the courts, and (vii) notification expenses related to the arbitral proceedings. Arbitration institutions such as ISTAC also regulate costs in their rules. These include the items listed above, but the institutional fees and administrative costs of the arbitration centre are likewise reflected in the final award.<\/p>\n<p>Interest on the principal claim must be specifically requested by the parties, and its commencement date and rate must be determined in accordance with the parties\u2019 legal relationship. If the request complies with Turkish interest legislation, the interest shall be awarded including pre- and post-award interest. Additionally, during the enforcement phase of the award, the party initiating execution proceedings may request statutory interest on the enforcement costs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are applications for security for costs viewed in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Turkish law, there are no barriers for respondents to ask security for costs in case there are serious doubts on the solvency of the claimant. The practice of application for security for costs is not often used in practice. Very often, in situations where there are serious doubts on the solvency of the claimant, respondents would refrain from paying their share of cost advance to the arbitrators and \/ or to the arbitral institutions and would force claimant to cover the costs of the arbitration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legal requirements are there in your country for the recognition and enforcement of an award? Is there a requirement that the award be reasoned, i.e. substantiated and motivated?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Where an award has been rendered in arbitration proceedings seated outside of T\u00fcrkiye, the local court will decide on its recognition and enforcement pursuant to the International Private and Procedural Law, or if the conditions are fulfilled, according to the New York Convention. In principle, the following conditions must be met: (i) an arbitration agreement has been validly concluded or an arbitration clause has been included in the main contract; (ii) the arbitral award is not contrary to public policy or public order; (iii) the subject matter of the dispute is arbitrable under Turkish law; (iv) the parties were duly represented before the arbitral tribunal and expressly accepted the proceedings; (v) the party against whom enforcement is sought was duly notified of the appointment of the arbitrators and was not deprived of the right to present its case and defence; (vi) the arbitration agreement or clause is valid under the law chosen by the parties, or, in the absence of such choice, under the law of the seat of arbitration; (vii) the appointment of arbitrators and the arbitral procedure complied with the parties\u2019 agreement or, failing such agreement, with the law of the seat of arbitration; (viii) the arbitral award relates to matters within the scope of the arbitration agreement or clause and does not exceed its limits; and (ix) the arbitral award has become final, binding, and enforceable under the law of the country where it was rendered, and has not been set aside by the competent authority at that seat.<\/p>\n<p>Although a reasoned award is not explicitly listed among the conditions for recognition and enforcement, it is generally advisable for arbitral tribunals to issue a reasoned award to assist the local courts in confirming compliance with the above criteria, particularly those concerning public policy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the estimated timeframe for the recognition and enforcement of an award (domestic and international)? Can a party bring a motion for the recognition and enforcement of an award on an ex parte basis? Would the standard of review be different for domestic and international awards?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Arbitral awards rendered by international arbitral tribunals (i.e., tribunals seated outside T\u00fcrkiye) must undergo recognition and enforcement proceedings pursuant to the 1958 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards ( \u201cNew York Convention\u201d) or, if the conditions for the applicability of the New York Convention are not fulfilled, the International Private and Procedural Law (Law No. 5718) before they can be executed against counterparties through the applicable debt collection procedures.<\/p>\n<p>In contrast, domestic arbitral awards (i.e., awards rendered by arbitral tribunals seated in T\u00fcrkiye) may be directly executed and are subject to debt collection proceedings without the need for prior recognition and enforcement.<\/p>\n<p>The recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award rendered by an international arbitral tribunal typically takes approximately 12 to 18 months. A party seeking enforcement must file a motion for recognition and enforcement before the competent Turkish court. The court will formally serve the motion on the counterparty through official channels. If the counterparty, despite proper notification, fails to participate in the proceedings, the court may render its decision on recognition and enforcement on an ex parte basis.<\/p>\n<p>Once an international arbitral award has been successfully recognized and declared enforceable by the Turkish courts, it becomes executable in T\u00fcrkiye. The subsequent execution of the award against the counterparty through debt collection procedures follows the same procedures applicable to the enforcement of domestic arbitral awards under Turkish law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can arbitration awards be appealed or challenged in local courts? What are the grounds and procedure in this regard? Is it possible for parties to waive any rights of appeal or challenge to an award by agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Arbitral awards may be subject to set-aside proceedings in T\u00fcrkiye. Both the International Arbitration Act and the Code of Civil Procedure set out the following grounds for annulment: (i) the arbitration agreement is invalid because one of the parties lacked the capacity to conclude it, or the agreement is invalid under the law chosen by the parties, or, in the absence of such choice, under Turkish law; (ii) the appointment of arbitrators was not made in accordance with the agreed procedure or the procedure prescribed by law; (iii) the award was rendered outside the prescribed time limit; (iv) the arbitral tribunal ruled on its competence or lack thereof in violation of the law; (v) the arbitral tribunal rendered a decision on matters beyond the scope of the arbitration agreement, failed to decide on all claims, or exceeded its authority; (vi) the arbitral proceedings were not conducted in accordance with the parties\u2019 agreement or, failing such agreement, with the applicable provisions of the law, and this irregularity affected the substance of the award; (vii) the principle of equality of the parties was not respected; (viii) the subject matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under Turkish law; or (ix) the award is contrary to Turkish public policy.<\/p>\n<p>Set-aside proceedings must be initiated before the District Court of Appeal, which acts as a court of first instance for this purpose. The decision of the District Court of Appeal may be further appealed before the Court of Cassation. Pursuant to Article 15 of the International Arbitration Act, the parties may waive their right to initiate set-aside proceedings. Parties whose domicile or habitual residence is outside T\u00fcrkiye may fully waive this right either in the arbitration agreement itself or through a subsequent written agreement. In other words, parties resident in T\u00fcrkiye cannot validly waive their right to set aside proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an award? To what extent might a third party challenge the recognition of an award?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>An arbitral award is binding only on the parties to the dispute and cannot be challenged by third parties. For a local court to accept a challenge brought by a third party, such party must demonstrate a legitimate interest or establish that it was, in fact, a party to the dispute.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any rules \/ court decisions that regulate or prohibit third party funding of arbitration proceedings \u2013 for instance, where funding by an entity not involved in the dispute in return for a share of the eventual award may be barred \u2013 in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no specific regulations in the arbitration legislation or any court decisions that prohibit third-party funding; however, it is not a common practice in T\u00fcrkiye.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is emergency arbitrator relief available in your country? Are decisions made by emergency arbitrators readily enforceable?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Both ISTAC and ITOTAM Rules include provisions on emergency arbitrator relief. The enforceability of emergency arbitrator decisions remains controversial in T\u00fcrkiye, primarily because this mechanism is rarely invoked by the parties. According to Turkish legal scholarship, the nature of decisions rendered by emergency arbitrators is generally considered to be that of interim measures. Accordingly, their enforceability should be assessed in line with the rules applicable to interim measures issued by arbitral tribunals, as explained in Question 23.<\/p>\n<p>However, it is argued that an emergency arbitrator\u2019s decision does not constitute a full and final arbitral award and, therefore, only binds the contractual parties, creating merely contractual \u2014 rather than judicial \u2014 enforceability.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there arbitral laws or arbitration institutional rules in your country providing simplified or expedited procedures for claims under a certain value? Are they often used?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. ISTAC has adopted Fast Track Arbitration Rules, which apply where the monetary value of the dispute does not exceed TRY 5,000,000. ITOTAM has also introduced similar provisions, setting the threshold at TRY 500,000. Expedited procedures are not commonly used in T\u00fcrkiye, as the monetary thresholds for such proceedings are relatively low when converted into USD or EUR.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the setting aside of an award that has been enforced in another jurisdiction or vice versa?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No, there has not been any court decisions considering setting aside of an award that has been enforced in another jurisdiction or vice versa. The primary condition of an enforcement proceeding is that the award subject to such proceeding is a final award. If there are pending setting aside proceedings, the award cannot be final and be subject to enforcement proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, in situations where the competence for the setting aside proceedings lies with Turkish courts (i.e. if the arbitral tribunal was seated in T\u00fcrkiye), the fact that the award has been enforced in another jurisdiction would not affect the Turkish courts\u2019 assessment on the setting aside proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the issue of corruption? What standard do local courts apply for proving corruption? Which party bears the burden of proving corruption?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no recent court decisions in T\u00fcrkiye addressing the issue of corruption involving arbitrators. General standards applicable to criminal offences such as corruption and bribery are applicable. In criminal proceedings, it is the responsibility of the public prosecutor to establish whether corruption or bribery has occurred in the specific case.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country with respect to intra-European investor-State arbitration generally or enforcement of awards stemming from proceedings of this nature? Are there any pending decisions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There have not been recent court decisions with respect to intra-European investor-State arbitration considering enforcement of a foreign award is strictly bound by the recognition and enforcement criteria listed above.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have arbitral institutions in your country implemented reforms towards greater use of technology and a more cost-effective conduct of arbitrations? Have there been any recent developments regarding virtual hearings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Arbitral institutions in T\u00fcrkiye have made significant efforts to integrate modern technological tools into arbitral proceedings. In this regard, ISTAC organized a panel titled \u201cDigital Transformation and the Law\u201d in 2022, where it announced that online hearings had been widely conducted, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. ISTAC also introduced a \u201cvirtual witness room\u201d, designed to preserve witness impartiality and enhance the effectiveness of witness examinations, similar to in-person hearings. Additionally, ISTAC has launched NFT-based certificate programs.<\/p>\n<p>Overall, it can be said that arbitral institutions in T\u00fcrkiye are continuously adopting and implementing technological advancements in arbitration proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments in your jurisdiction with regard to disputes involving ESG issues such as climate change, sustainability, social responsibility and\/or human rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no developments in T\u00fcrkiye with regard to disputes involving ESG issues. The ESG related provisions are relatively new and to our knowledge have not yet given rise to disputes in T\u00fcrkiye.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have any international economic sanctions regimes been implemented (either independently, or based on EU law) in your jurisdiction recently? Have there been any recent decisions in your country considering the impact of sanctions on international arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In general T\u00fcrkiye follows the UN sanctions and EU sanctions regimes. However, we are not aware of any recent decisions considering the impact of sanctions on international arbitration proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>Nevertheless, economic sanctions applied to Russian parties affect payment related issues during the conduct of the arbitration proceedings such as payment of fees or deposit of securities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country implemented any rules or regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence, generative artificial intelligence or large language models in the context of international arbitration?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are currently no specific regulations governing the use of artificial intelligence in international arbitration. Official studies and legislative initiatives on this subject are still pending. Nevertheless, the use of artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly common in arbitration proceedings in T\u00fcrkiye. For instance, transcription and translation services in arbitral hearings are frequently supported by AI tools, even though no formal rules or regulations have yet been introduced.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">5925<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/legal500.designextreme.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/120086","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/legal500.designextreme.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/legal500.designextreme.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/legal500.designextreme.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=120086"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}